A stencil is
a thin sheet of material, such as paper, plastic, or metal, with letters or a
design cut from it, used to produce the letters or design on an underlying
surface by applying pigment through the cut-out holes in the material. The key
advantage of a stencil is that it can be reused to repeatedly and rapidly
produce the same letters or design. The design produced with a stencil is also
called a stencil. The context in which stencil is
used makes clear which meaning is intended. Although aerosol or painting stencils can bemade for one-time use, typically they are made to be reusable. To be reusable,
they must remain intact after a design is produced and the stencil is removed
from the work surface. With some designs, this is done by connecting stencil islands (sections
of material that are inside cut-out "holes" in the stencil) to other
parts of the stencil with bridges.
Stencil technique in visual art is also referred to as pochoir. A related technique
(which has found applicability in some surrealistcompositions)is aerography, in which spray-painting is done around a three-dimensional object to create a
negative of the object instead of a positive of a stencil design. This
technique was used in cave paintings dating to 10,000 BC, where human hands
were used in painting hand print outlines among paintings of animals and other
objects. The artist sprayed pigment around his hand by using a hollow bone,
blown by mouth to direct a stream of pigment.
Screen printing also uses
a stencil process, as does mimeography.
The masters from which mimeographed pages are printed are often called
"stencils". Stencils can be made with one or many colour layers using
different techniques, with most stencils designed to be applied as solidcolours. During screen printing and mimeography the images for stenciling are
broken down into color layers. Multiple layers of stencils are used on the same
surface to produce multi-colored images.
A common tradition for stencils is in home
decorating and arts
& crafts. Home decor stencils are an important part of the DIY (Do It
Yourself) industry. There are prefabricated stencil templates available for
home decoration projects from hardware stores, arts & crafts stores andthrough the internet. Stencils are usually applied in the home with a paint or
roller brush along wall borders and as trim. They can also be applied with a
painted sponge for a textured effect.
Stencil templates can be purchased or constructed individually.
Typically they are constructed of flexible plastics, including acetate, mylar
and vinyl. Stencils can be used as children's toys.Stencil paintings of hands were
common throughout the prehistoric period.[citation needed] Stencils may have been used to colour cloth for a very long time;
the technique probably reached its peak of sophistication in Katazome and othertechniques used on silks for clothes during the Edo
period in Japan. In Europe, from about 1450 they were commonly used to
colour old
master prints printed in black and white, usually woodcuts.[citation needed]This was
especially the case with playing-cards, which continued to be coloured by
stencil long after most other subjects for prints were left in black and white.
Stencils were used for mass publications, as the type didn't have to be
hand-written.
Stencils were popular as a method
of book illustration, and for that purpose the technique was at its height of
popularity in France during the 1920s when André Marty, Jean
Saudé and many other studios in Paris specialised in the technique. Low
wages contributed to the popularity of the highly labour-intensive process.[1] When
stencils are used in this way they are often called "pochoir". In the
pochoir process, a print with the outlines of the design was produced, and a
series of stencils were used through which areas of color were applied by hand
to the page. To produce detail, a collotypecould be produced which the colors
were then stenciled over.[2] Pochoir
was frequently used to create prints of intense color, and is most often
associated with Art
Nouveau and Art
Deco design.Aerosol
stencils have many practical applications and the stencil concept is used
frequently in industrial, commercial, artistic, residential and recreational
settings, as well as by the military;
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